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TỔNG HỢP PHÓ TỪ TRONG TIẾNG NHẬT （SƠ CẤP）日本語(にほんご)の副詞(ふくし)のまとめ「初級(しょきゅう)」 #3

日本語(にほんご)の副詞(ふくし)のまとめ（初級(しょきゅう)）　PHÓ TỪ TRONG TIẾNG NHẬT SƠ CẤP()

Trong tiếng Nhật, phó từ （ふくし） là loại từ khó nhớ nhất, vì nó không có một nghĩa duy nhất, mà tuỳ vào từng trường hợp,  chúng ta cần để ý nó đi với loại từ gì và mang sắc thái, biểu cảm hay ý nghĩa gì trong câu. Hơn nữa, số lượng phó từ （ふくし）rất nhiều, được phân chia theo từng cấp độ của tiếng Nhật từ sơ cấp đến cao cấp.  Phương thức nhớ hữu hiệu nhất là đọc câu ví dụ có phó từ （ふくし）và tìm hiểu vai trò của nó trong câu. Với lý do đó, Japanese House liệt kê những phó từ cơ bản, cách sử dụng cơ bản, gắn nó trong các câu nói thường dùng, nhằm giúp các bạn dễ dàng cảm nhận vai trò của phó từ trong câu một cách hiệu quả nhất.

Trước khi xem những câu ví dụ （例文　れいぶん）, các bạn thử xem danh sách các phó từ（副詞のリスト）, tự đánh giá mình đã hiểu được bao nhiêu % ý nghĩa và cách sử dụng của nó, sau đó đối chiếu với các câu ví dụ để xác nhận lại sự đánh giá của mình.

Dù đã cố gắng hết sức để tổng hợp tài liệu tham khảo này, nhưng vẫn có khả năng xảy ra những lỗi chính tả hay thiếu sót nội dung trong quá trình biên soạn. Vì vậy, Japanese House rất mong nhận được ý kiến đóng góp từ các bạn để có thể chỉnh sửa và hoàn thiện tài liệu tốt hơn nữa.

Chỉ cần các bạn nhập câu hỏi hoặc ý kiến vào phần bình luận bên dưới, giáo viên sẽ trực tiếp trả lời cho các bạn. Chúc cho tiếng Nhật của các bạn ngày càng giỏi hơn.

  1. 全部（ぜんぶ）：   Toàn bộ, tất cả, tổng cộng… (là từ nói về toàn bộ sự vật nào đó)
  2. 沢山（たくさん）：Nhiều (là từ chỉ số lượng nhiều)
  3. 大体（だいたい）：Đại khái, hầu hết, phần lớn…

(là từ chỉ mức độ tương đối nhiều,  dù chưa đạt mức 100% nhưng ở mức khá cao)

  • とても：                   Rất (đứng trước tính từ để cường điệu mức độ tính chất đó)
  • 良く（よく）：       Thường, hay, nhiều, rõ….

(đứng trước động từ để diễn tả mức độ thường xuyên của động từ đó)

  • 少し（すこし）：   Một chút, một ít…

(nói về số lượng, chất lượng, mức độ thấp, ít, nhẹ)

  • ちょっと：               Một chút, chốc lát…

(là từ thể hiện ý nghĩa về khoảng thời gian ngắn.

 Đặc biệt là dùng khi muốn từ chối nhẹ nhàng, từ chối khéo)

土曜日はちょっと…. Chủ Nhật thì không được rồi…

すみません、ちょっと… Xin lỗi, không thể…

  • もう：                        Khi đứng trước từ chỉ số lượng:….nữa.

Khi đi với Vました: đã….rồi

  • ずっと：                   Thể hiện trạng thái kéo dài liên tục của sự việc….suốt, luôn.

Khi dùng so sánh….hơn hẳn (mang ý nghĩa chênh lệch quá lớn)

  1. 一番（いちばん）：Nhất

 (nếu xếp theo số thứ tự thì đó là số một, đứng nhất, đứng đầu)

  1. いつも：                   luôn luôn, lúc nào cũng, thường xuyên …

(là từ chỉ một sự việc nào đó xảy ra ở mức độ thường xuyên)

  1. 時々（ときどき）：thỉnh thoảng, đôi khi …

(là từ chỉ một sự việc nào đó xảy ra ở mức độ không thường xuyên)

  1. 初めて（はじめて）：lần đầu tiên, lần đầu …

(là từ chỉ một sự việc nào đó xảy ra vào lần đầu tiên)

  1. また：                       lại nữa…(là từ thể hiện một sự việc nào đó được lập lại)
  2. すぐ：                       liền, ngay lập tức…

(là từ thể hiện một sự việc nào sẽ diễn ra trong khoảng thời gian rất ngắn sau khi nói)

  1. まだ：                       Trường hợp đi với động từ ở dạng khẳng định: vẫn còn, vẫn đang.

Trường hợp đi với động từ ở dạng phủ định: vẫn chưa….

  1. これから：               bây giờ, kể từ bây giờ…

(là từ thể hiện ý nghĩa từ thời điểm của hiện tại kéo dài đến một phần nhỏ của tương lai.)

  1. 今から（いまから）：bây giờ, ngay bây giờ…

(là từ thể hiện ý nghĩa ngay tại thời điểm hiện tại)

  1. そろそろ：               đã đến lúc phải…

(Đứng trước động từ để thể hiện ý rằng đã đến lúc phải thực hiện hành động đó)

  • 後で（あとで）：   sau, chút nữa, lát sau, sau khi…
  • まず：                       trước tiên, trước hết…

 (dùng để nói lên thứ tự đầu tiên của một hành động nào đó.)

  • 次に（つぎに）、次の（つぎの）：       tiếp theo…

(dùng để nói lên thứ tự tiếp theo của một hành động hay sự việc nào đó nào đó.)

  • 最近（さいきん）：gần đây, dạo gần đây, dạo này…

(là từ thể hiện một khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại.)

  • ゆっくり：   Thong thả, thoải mái, từ từ…

(đi với động từ để biểu đạt sự không cần phải gấp rút thời gian cho hành động nào đó)

  • だんだん：   Dần dần… (thể hiện sự từ từ chuyển biến và thay đổi theo thời gian)
  • あまり….「ない」：           Không…lắm

(đi với dạng phủ định của tính từ để thể hiện sự phụ định nhẹ nhàng tính chất đó)

  • なかなか….「ない」：Hầu như không ….

(đi với dạng phủ định của động từ để thể hiện ý rằng hầu như không thể thực hiện được điều gì đó hoặc điều gì đó hầu như không thể xảy ra)

  • ぜひ：           Nhất định, chắc chắn ….
  • いくら….ても／でも：       Cho dù là ….. bao nhiêu đi nữa, thì cũng….
  • どんなに….ても／でも：   Cho dù là …..như thế nào đi nữa, thì cũng….
  • もし….Ｖたら：       Nếu như….(đi với động từ dạng 「た形」dùng trong câu giả định)
  • 多分（たぶん）….と思います／でしょう：       Tôi nghĩ có lẽ là, chắc là….

(dùng trong câu suy đoán)

  • きっと….と思います／でしょう：           Tôi nghĩ có lẽ là, chắc là….

(dùng trong câu suy đoán)

  • 必ず（かならず）：           Chắc chắn, nhất định ….

(thể hiện suy nghĩ xác thực, ý chí mạnh mẽ, đoán không sai)

By Hoàng Trang Anna

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